Study On Suggestions By Banks To Rbi Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1312 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Banks are of the opinion that it would ease the processes if regulator comes up with industry wise correlation. RBI guidelines are broader in nature. They should be more indicative. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Suggestions By Banks To Rbi Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The document requirement for complying by the guidelines of RBI and Basel are highly centered according to international banks. Some scenarios are not at all relevant to Indian markets. Hence there is a need to revise the framework of guidelines with an Indian perspective so that the fatigue of writing so many documents can be done away with. RBI has modified the CRAR from 8% to 9%. This makes capital a limiting factor. Hence it restricts the natural growth of the bank. Hence the regulator should reconsider this. The terms used in the guidelines issued are directly picked from the documents in Basel or those finding implementation in foreign countries. The terms should be explained more correctly to all the banks. Conclusion Worldwide, there is an increasing trend towards centralizing risk management with integrated treasury management to benefit from information synergies on aggregate exposure, as well as scale economies and easier reporting to top management. Keeping all this in view, the Reserve Bank has issued broad guidelines for risk management systems in banks. This has placed the primary responsibility of laying down risk parameters and establishing the risk management and control system on the Board of Directors of the bank. However, it is to be recognized that, in view of the diversity and varying size of balance sheet items as between banks, it might neither be possible nor necessary to adopt a uniform risks management system. The design of risk management framework should, therefore, be oriented towards the banks own requirement dictated by the size and complexity of business, risk philosophy, market perception and the existing level of capital. While doing so, banks may critically evaluate their existing risk management system in the light of the guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank and should identify the gaps in the existing risk management practices and the policies and strategies for complying with the guidelines. Credit risk management: Risk management has assumed increased importance of regulatory compliance point of view. Credit risk, being an important component of risk, has been adequately focused upon. Credit risk management can be viewed at two levels-at the level of an individual asset or exposure and at the portfolio level. Credit risk management tools, therefore, have to work at both individual and portfolio levels. Traditional tools of credit risk management include loan policies, standards for presentation of credit proposals, delegation of loan approving powers, multi-tier credit approving systems, prudential limits on credit exposures to companies and groups, stipulation of financial covenants, standards for collaterals, limits on asset concentr ations and independent loan review mechanisms. Monitoring of non-performing loans has, however, a focus on remedy rather than advance warning or prevention. Banks assign internal ratings to borrowers, which will determine the interest spread charged over PLR. These ratings are also used for monitoring of loans. A more scientific Quantitative approach is the need of the hour. Market risk management: Asset Liability Management as a risk management technique is gaining in popularity as banks are beginning to recognize the need for proper risk management. The challenge for the banks therefore is to put in place the necessary infrastructure that can help them derive the utmost benefit from ALM. The banks progress in Asset Liability Management will depend on the initiatives of their management rather than on RBI supervision. Given the existing hurdles, the evolution of ALM in commercial banks will be a slow process. ALM has evolved since the early 1980s. Techniques of ALM have also ev olved. The growth of OTC derivatives markets has facilitated a variety of hedging strategies. A significant development has been securitization, which allows firms to directly address asset-liability risk by removing assets or liabilities from their balance sheets. Thus, the scope of ALM activities has widened. Today, ALM departments are addressing (non-trading) foreign exchange risks as well as other risks. Corporations have adopted techniques of ALM to address interest-rate exposures, liquidity risk and foreign exchange risk. Thus it can be safely said that Asset Liability Management will continue to grow in future and an efficient ALM technique will go a long way in managing volume, mix, maturity, rate sensitivity, quality and liquidity of the assets and liabilities so as to earn a sufficient and acceptable return on the portfolio. Operational risk management: The best defense against operational risk is to have effective systems and controls. These need to be appropriate to t he risks and as easy as possible to understand, implement and monitor. There is a strong common interest here between the regulator and a banks senior management. An intensified interest by the latter in everyday operational losses is likely to reduce the possibility of large losses, improve general risk awareness in a company and the regulator will feel that the interests of the consumer are being better safeguarded. When considering operational risk, the regulator faces a similar dilemma to the bank: where are the main risks, how can they best be controlled, and what level of capital can reasonably be required? In future, it is likely these questions will become even more pertinent. This is not least because regulators, in line with some banks, are carving out capital to be held specifically against market, credit and operational risk. But it is also because regulators have come to think that operational risk may not be significantly correlated with either of the other two types o f risk categories. However, as was the case with the original regulatory capital ratio set by the Basle Committee, the only real touchstone for this is some sort of reference to current aggregate capital. Another option for the regulator would be to refer to benchmark loss experiences. The problem here is that the data are often not obtainable availability differs from country to country and business to business and may not be suitable for operational risk throughout the bank. The regulator could, alternatively, rely on internal economic capital allocation. Perhaps what is needed most is time. One thing is clear, and it is that there are more questions than answers around operational risk for both banks and regulators. Consequently, both parties will need, in the immediate future, to enter into an open and technical discussion of the way forward. Supervision process: Before 1950s regulation and supervision by RBI was not that stringent as the banking activity was limited to col lection of deposits and issue of loans. Moreover, there was no separate comprehensive enactment for the banking sector. With the introduction of the Banking Companies Act, 1949, (later Banking Regulations Act, 1949) the scope of RBI supervision broadened over the years, necessary changes in the supervisory system have been made to meet with the new challenges emerging in the financial sector. In the wake of rapid changes in the financial sector such as emergence of Universal Banking, introduction of Securitization, integration of various markets, etc. a lot of preparations for further strengthening the supervisory mechanism is required, not only on the part of RBI but by individual banks also. World over the way financial markets are integrating day by day, risk is continuously increasing. RBI, keeping in view international best practices has already taken certain initiatives in this regard and there is a proposal to introduce shortly, the system of Consolidated Supervision too, alo ng with Risk Based Supervision. The impact on banks key ratios due to banking supervision reveals good results and walking on the same continuum few issues can be stressed upon like technology upgradation, corporate governance, market intelligence etc. By critically examining all the aspects related to risk management, an AHP model was developed which gave the comprehensive risk rating of the bank. This rating would help in comparison with other banks in the industry and evaluate the areas of improvement if any.

The nature of crime - 1412 Words

UOW1 – The nature of crime The nature of crime The nature of crime embodies the offences made against the state representing society and the population. Within this concept is the operation of principles going to the rights of the victim and the accused in the criminal law process. This process encompasses the commission and elements of the crime going to the actus reus (action of the accused), mens rea (intention of the accused) and causal link to make out the crime; the criminal investigation by the police; the criminal trial process under the adversarial system; the standard of proof beyond reasonable doubt; and the verdict to sentencing options available to the judiciary. This can be illustrated in the case of R v Munter (2009)†¦show more content†¦It was based on the Alice Springs Turf Club where hackers accessed the online gambling system and brought it down. Main drug related offences include the possession of a prohibited drug; use of a prohibited drug; cultivation (the growth of plant drugs i.e. cannabis) and the supply of a prohibited drug. Such legislation which has been passed to assist with the enforceability of keeping these types of crimes minimal include the Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 (NSW); the Summary Offences Act 1988 (NSW); and the Customs Act 1901 (Cth). Driving associated offences are some of the most commonly committed offences in NSW. Many of these offences will relate to the strict liability offences concept such as speeding. The most common driving related offences include: exceeding the speed limit; driving without a license or while disqualified; ignoring road signs; and driving above the legal blood alcohol limit of 0.05. Public order crimes are offences that relate to acts that are deemed to disturb the public order in some way; i.e. disturbance in public. Some of the most common public order offences can include: obscene, indecent or threatening language in public; possessing a knife in public (with no reason); obstructing traffic; and damaging public fountains or protected places. Preliminary crimes are offences split into two main categories of attempts of an offence andShow MoreRelatedCrime Is The Nature Of Crime854 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of crime issues in our 21st century modern society (Nguyen et. al, 2005). However, there is widespread concern that the level and type of crime reported in the media produces an inaccurate view of the reality of crime in the community (Fields Jerin, 1996; Windschuttle, 1988). The purpose of this essay is to address the question; is the nature of crime in our society accurately presented in the media? 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Allied Health Care Products free essay sample

In general terms, health economists analyze the health effects of behaviors—the finances, efficacy and operations of health care systems —and the competitive symmetry in the five health markets. The five health markets generally studied are: * Health care financing market * Physician and nurses services market * Institutional services market * Input factors market * Professional education market While the current quality or condition to change in healthcare as a private benefit is preserved, in the last three markets, market failures result in the financing and delivery markets because accurate information about product price is not a pragmatic conjecture—and various limits of access exist in the financing markets; such as the monopolistic structure of the health insurance industry. Medical technology is generally classified as an Institutional Services Market and encompasses of all aspects involved in the treatment of disease—which includes the utilization of medical devices, and surgical and pharmaceutical interventions—and is of vital importance in relation to individual health and, as a result, for general wellbeing. We will write a custom essay sample on Allied Health Care Products or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Progress and advanced developments in medical technology transmit a vista of both enhanced public health and increased universal welfare. However, due to extensive governmental regulations concerning the healthcare goods and ervices markets; the developments, improvements and utility of medical technologies essentially differs from non-medical technological progress and improvements. (Grossman, Lindgren, amp; Bolin, 2011) Developments in the medical device industry are remarkably different from advancements which take place in the pharmaceutical industry. There are differentiations in who manages and conducts the research and development (Ramp;D), the essential nature of the research and development, and the consequences of federal and municipal policies that directly impact it. The medical technology market requires higher start up costs and is difficult to enter—but in comparing the medical device industry to the pharmaceutical industry, we can easily distinguish the advancement of smaller companies. The medical device industry (an oligopoly), consists of fewer suppliers of a products or devices, where the suppliers’ activities can have a substantial impact on costs and, inevitably, on its competitors. Because there are a limited number of suppliers and dealers, the medical device industry is more apt to be aware of the activities and innovations of its competitors—and is better able to strategically plan the responses of other medical device industry participants. Also, healthcare device manufacturers have more flexible and adaptable innovation methods and more lenient regulations and enforcement than those imposed on the pharmaceutical industry. (Gelijns, 1991) | This analytical paper concerns itself with Allied Healthcare Products, Inc. AHPI) which is a component of the medical device industry and subdivision of Health Economics. The company dates back to a small St. Louis company named Stilecraft which was established by the Sciuto brothers during the Great Depression. Stilecraft, a producer of wooden window coverings, diversified over the following years—eventually specializing in the manufacturing of medical equipment. Allied Healthcare Products, Inc. (a unit of Harbour Group Investments, LP), maintains its headquarters at 1720 Sublette Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and maintains industrial installations in both Missouri and Stuyvesant Falls, New York. (Allied Healthcare Products I. , Company Histories amp; Profiles, 2011) Presently, Allied Healthcare Products, Inc. (AHPI) manufactures a variety of respiratory products utilized in the health care industry in a wide variety of hospital and alternate health care settings, consisting of home health care, emergency medical care and ambulatory surgery centers, and sub-acute care facilities.

John Locke And Substance Essays - Ontology, Epistemologists

John Locke And Substance In his essay, "A Supposition of He Knows Not What," John Locke offers the reader an intriguing view of substances and ideas. He argues for the existence of substances in our world because there must logically be something greater than the ideas and thoughts that occupy our minds. His argument for their existence maintains that we cannot see substances in our realms, but we can perceive them and note their effects on other things around us. Locke first states that there are too many ideas in the world to stand alone. We cannot see these ideas that form in our minds, but we know that the ideas we have cannot persists as one single idea, because everything we think is "a complication of many ideas together" (Reality 90). Since the simple ideas we have cannot exist alone, there must be something larger behind them, and those, Locke asserts, are substances. Locke maintains that we only see substances in our world as ideas, for they are too complex for us to perceive. Because of the qualities of our ideas, we are able to perceive that they exist. The only evidence we have for this belief is that we can put together ideas on our own, and we can also put together ideas about substances, therefore these substances must create our ideas. We perceive substances as ideas, because they are too complicated for our minds and far from our realm of existence. Therefore, Locke's notion of substances reverts back to Plato's idea of a form: substances are things that underlie all thought, that we cannot perceive on our own, but must exist in another place for they form our foundations of thought and ideas.

The Great Gatsby Questions for Study and Discussion

'The Great Gatsby' Questions for Study and Discussion The Great Gatsby is the most famous novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The story is a symbolic portrayal of the decline of the American Dream. Its an accurate portrayal of the Jazz age cemented him as a fixture in literary history. Fitzgerald is a master storyteller and layers his novels with themes and symbolism. Here are a few questions to get your next book club started with. Study Questions for The Great Gatsby What is important about the title of The Great Gatsby?  Which adaptations of the novel have you seen? What did you think of them?What are the conflicts in The Great Gatsby? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) are in this novel? Are they resolved?Why is Gatsby unable to put the past behind him? Why does he demand Daisy renounce her former love for her husband?What choice would you have made in Daisys situation?What role does Daisy play in Gatsbys downfall?How is alcohol used in the novel?The novel is told from the perspective of a friend  Gatsby, why do you think the author chose Nick to tell the story?How does F. Scott Fitzgerald reveal character in The Great Gatsby?How is class depicted in the novel? What point is the author trying to make?What are some themes and symbols in The Great Gatsby?What does the green light represent?Why does the author call our attention to the ad for Doctor T.J.  Eckleburg optometry? What is the meaning of the vacan t eyes which watch the characters? Is Gatsby consistent in his actions? Why did he change his name? Do you ever find him fake (or contrived)? Is he a fully developed character?Do you consider Gatsby to be a self-made man? Is he a good portrayal of reaching the American Dream?Do you find the characters likable? Would you want to meet the characters?Did the novel end the way you expected?How essential is the setting? Could the story have taken place anywhere else? In any other time?What do you think the lavish parties at Gatsbys mansion were meant to represent? What is the author trying to say about American culture?What is the role of women in The Great Gatsby? Is love relevant? Are relationships meaningful?What did you think about Daisys assessment that women must be pretty but unintelligent if they want to be happy? What in her life led her to this conclusion?Why is The Great Gatsby controversial? Why has it been banned/challenged?How does religion figure into the novel? How would the novel be different if religion ( or spirituality) played a more prominent role in the text? How does The Great Gatsby relate to current society? How well did it represent the Jazz Age (society and literature at the time it was published)? Is the novel still relevant?Would you recommend The Great Gatsby to a friend?

Marie Curie essays

Marie Curie essays On the 7th November 1867 a teacher in physics and maths became the father of a little girl called Marya Sklodowska and nobody could know. That this girl would have been one of the most famous female scientists in the 90s and 20s century. At the age of 16 she finished her exam in a lycee` as the best and won a gold medal. A low in her life was when her family lost nearly the whole savings because of bad investments. As a consequence Marya has to work as a teacher to finance her sisters education. At the same time she was giving lecture at the polish Free University to women workers. After some time she accompanied her sisters, who financed her now, to France where she started at the Sorbonne. She passed her exam in physics and in maths where she was the 2. best and as a result she became an assistant of the professor in physics Henri Bequerel. At the age of 28 on the 25th July she married the physician Pierre Curie, who was 8 years older than her. From now on her name was Marie Curie. They began to work together in a laboratory in very bad conditions and with bad equipment. Marie of the opinion that Bequerels discovery which proofs that the element Uranium radiates can be applied to other elements like Radium and Polonium too and she gave these rays the name radioactive rays. 1897 Marie Curie became the mother of Irene` who won the Nobel prize for chemistry together with her husband Frederic Joliot-Curie. Two years after her discovery she found out that the element Thorium is radioactive too. When Marie was 33 years old she teaches physic at the E`cole Normale Superieure for girls and founded the method of experimental demonstration. Three years later the Curies together with Henri Bequerel won the Nobel prize for physics because of their achievement concerning Radioactivity. One year later she became mother of a girl called Eve` again. A second low in Madam Curies life was ...

Literature by women of color Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature by women of color - Essay Example The concept of redefining female sexuality becomes a central point in both stories. Through sexuality of the women, relationships change and the gender identity creates questions of the roles of the women. The women in each of the stories rebel against gender identity and labels by taking actions with feminine sexuality that redefine gender roles. The concept of gender identity and race in both stories is central to how the women in the story act and react. In both novels, there is a sense of identity, rigidness and restrictions which apply to the gender of each of the individuals. Most of the rules which are placed on the women come from a strict patriarchic culture that is defined by the rules of women and the expectations they have for staying within specific confines. The defining of gender and race comes with specific boundaries and expectations as well as labels in which each of the characters is required to obey. Through both of the stories, there is an undertone of the expectations in society through the secondary characters, as well as how the main characters question these and try to overcome the boundaries through specific actions that they take. Beloved shows the concepts of rigidness in gender boundaries and identity through the main way in which the males treat the women and different races throughout the book. This is first seen with Sethe and Denver’s escape from slavery in the 19th century, which was not looked up to. More important, the death of Sethe’s daughter contributes to understanding the level of boundaries that were placed on race and gender within the society. The main concept is to define the boundaries of gender and race as being submissive to other genders and race while creating a specific identity that is not able to contribute to society in specific ways. The role in both race and gender holds an expectation of remaining submissive and not carrying an identity that